An analysis of the mechanical properties of fencing swords, and implications for weapon selection

Foil fencing is a competitive combat sport dating back over 500 years. Swords used in fencing are composed of several components, all of which are available with different specifications leading to over 1700 individual combinations, each with distinct characteristics. This study reflects on the art of sword selection and whether this could be founded on a more scientific footing. We investigated relevant properties of blades made from the two most common materials, maraging steel (MS) and low carbon steel (LCS). We hypothesized that there was a statistically significant difference between spring constant, damping behavior, and balance of MS and LCS blades. Our analyses conducted using a cantilever assembly indicated that MS blades were significantly stiffer than LCS blades (p=0.0004). MS blades also exhibited more effective damping (and a shorter period of oscillation). This signifies that LCS blades would be better suited to a fencer who favors techniques that require a flexible, springy blade, such as a “flick”, whereas MS would better suit a fencer who prefers the excellent tip control and precision afforded by a more rigid blade. These novel findings should prove useful for fencers wishing to make informed, evidence-based blade selections to suit their preferred techniques.